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1991-05-17
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Western Digital is a registered trademark of Western Digital
Corporation; IBM PC, AT and XT are registered trademarks of the
International Business Machines Corporation; MS DOS, OS2 and PC DOS
and Xenix are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.
WD1007A-WA2
CONFIGURING YOUR DRIVE
In order to use an ESDI drive in any system, you must perform the
following three steps: Low-level formatting the drive using WDFMT, a
third party software, or the WD1007A BIOS; perform active drive
partitioning, using MSDOS 3.3 (FDISK) or other operating systems that
allow partitioning, such as SCO XENIX; and, high-level formatting
using the operating system's normal "Format C: (or D:)/S" command.
1. BIOS: There are two types of BIOS ROMs which may be used to
configure ESDI drives using the WD1007A-WA2. The system BIOS refers
to the BIOS on the computer motherboard. The system BIOS may only be
used if it contains the exact physical drive parameters of your
drive. Most of the older model system BIOS ROMs do not contain ESDI
drive parameters. The best way to determine whether your particular
system BIOS will support your ESDI drive is to contact your system
manufacturer. If you determine that your system BIOS does support
your ESDI drive, you may proceed to performing a low level format by
using your operating system or the WDFORMAT utility.
The WD1007A-WA2 BIOS includes the drive parameters of most ESDI type
drives. If you are using the WD1007A-WA2 BIOS, you may proceed to
the low level formatting routine. You may elect to low level format
with the WD1007A-WA2 BIOS or use the WDFORMAT utility. Both of these
options are included under the System Installation.
System Installation
...WARNING..................WARNING......................WARNING...
THE FOLLOWING LOW-LEVEL FORMAT PROCEDURE
WILL DESTROY ALL DATA ON YOUR HARD DRIVE
BACK-UP THE DATA ON YOUR DRIVE BEFORE
CONTINUING WITH LOW LEVEL FORMAT ROUTINE
Before you can complete the low level formatting routine, you will
need to know the parameters of your hard disk drives. As a
convenience to you, we have included a list of the most common hard
disk drives and their parameters. To access this list, return to the
Storage Controller menu. If your drive is not listed, contact your
drive manufacturer or consult your drive manual to determine drive
type and parameters.
USING THE WD1007A-WA2 BIOS
1. Before using the BIOS, make sure the proper address range is
selected on W1 and W2. Confirm that the BIOS is enabled (jumper on
W3).
2. Enter the BIOS routine through the DOS DEBUG utility. Execute
the DEBUG utility and at the program prompt "-" type:
G=C800:5 <CR>
Depending upon the settings of W1 and W2, this causes the system to
execute proram code stored at location 5 in ROM. The BIOS then tries
to read the parameter tables from the drive and store them in the
shadow RAM. If the drive has not been formatted, the BIOS will
return a message of "drive not initialized". You will see the
following screen:
**Western Digital 1007A-WA2 Initialization Utilities, Rev. 1.0**
PRESENT DRIVE SETUP...+ or - to change. <ENTER for selection
DRIVE 0 CYLINDERS XXX HEADS XX PRECOMP CYLINDER XXX SPT XX
DRIVE 1 CYLINDERS XXX HEADS XX PRECOMP CYLINDER XXX SPT XX
Change Drive Types --->1
Low Level Format --->2
Surface Analysis --->3
Verify Drive --->4
Enter Defect List --->5
Exit and Reboot ---6
Enter Choice (1-6) --->
3. To execute a function, simply enter the number of the desired
routine. The BIOS wil execute that routine and then prompt you to
press a key to return to the main menu. NOTE THAT ALL CHANGES MADE
WHILE IN THE BIOS WILL ONLY BE FINALIZED AFTER A PROPER EXIT THROUGH
FUNCTION 6.
a. Drive type routine
The drive types can be changed by using the "+" and "-" keys.
Assuming that all the ESDI drives in question are specified at
34 sectors per track (SPT), there are four possible choices that
can be implemented for a drive:
No drive present. The BIOS automatically selects a drive type 0
if there is no drive present. You will see the message "***NONE
selected or no drive present!***" next to the drive number.
A selection with 17 sectors per track. Use this feature when the
drive is being used in a system that does not recognize drives with
sectors per track values other than 17 sectors per track. The low-
level format will be at 35 sectors per track, while the parameter
tables created will show 17 sectors per track (with translation
enabled).
A selection with 34 sectors per track. Use this feature if the
system recognizes the standard 34 sectors per track drive.
A selection with 63 sectors per track. Use this feature only when
the drive in question has more than 1024 cylinders. Translation
should always be enabled when such a condition exists. Translation
provides full use of all the cylinders of the drive, even though most
types of AT BIOS recognize only a maximum of 1024 cylinders.
b. Low Level Format Routine
Formatting routines are present to do the low-level initialization of
the disk surface. The drive is formatted at 35 sectors per track.
Transparent to the user, the routine formats with a sector skew and
also formats a spare sector on each track. The surface analysis
routines use the spare sector when reallocating a bad sector on a
track. It is also used to store the parameter information generated
by the BIOS. This information is written to the spare sector on the
cylinder 0, head 0. The sector skew, which is fixed at two, allows
the controller to maintain a 1:1 interleave across all head
boundaries. Sector skewing is a method of formatting in which the
sector numbers are rotated in the interleave table for each track.
c. Surface Analysis Routine
The surface analysis routine identifies bad tracks on the drive and,
in the event that there is only one bad sector on the track (and it
is NOT sector zero), it uses the alternate sector when reformatting
the track. This prevents the controller from identifying the track
as "bad", providing that you have entered the manufacturer's list of
"bad tracks" prior to performing this routine.
d. Verify Drive Routine
The verify routine identifies all the bad tracks on the drive and
lists them by head and cylinder number. Use the FDISK and FORMAT
utilities to prepare the drive.
e. Enter Defect List Routine
This routine allows you to enter the list of bad tracks as listed by
the drive manufacturer on the drive.
4. If using a 5 Mbit per second ESDI drive, disable the 1007A
translation feature (install jumper W8 and W14). This type of ESDI
drive is always configured at 17 sectors per track.
6. Partition your hard disk drives by following the partitioning
instructions with your operating system.
7. Complete high-level format routine using the "Format C: (or
D:)/S" command in your operating system.
LOW LEVEL FORMAT
USING WDFMT UTILITY
Western Digital provides a low-level format utility that allows you
to prepare the drive for use by the system. You may elect to use
this utility to perform the low-level formatting routine, if your
system BIOS supports ESDI type drives. The program includes routines
for low-level formatting, disk verify, surface analysis and bad track
entry. When using the 1007A board, use a 1:1 interleave, a skew of
2, and format the drive at 35 sectors per track with an alternate
sector. WDFMT 2.10 presents the following display:
***Western Digital Corporation***
AT Disk Format Utility
Rev. 2.10
Current drive parameters are:
Drive (0/1) : 0
Cylinders : 615
Heads : 4
Sectors : 17
Interleave : 3
Precomp : 306
Skew : 0
Alt Sector : No
ENTER MENU CHOICE
Format disk CAUTION this will destroy all
data on drive!
Verify disk
Bad sector
entry
Surface test CAUTION this will destroy all
data on drive!
Quit
SECTOR SKEWING
Sector skewing is a method of formatting a drive by which sector
numbers are rotated in the interleave table each time a new head on a
cylinder is formatted. Selecting a skew of 2 causes the first sector
after index on Head 0 to be identified as Sector 1. The sector
identified as Sector 1 on Head 1 is the third physical sector from
index as shown in the following example:
Example: Ten sectors per track with a skew of 2 and 1:1 interleave:
Head Sector Numbers
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6
This formatting procedure allows the controller to maintain 1:1
interleave when reading across the head boundary. This becomes
critical when the number of sectors per track increases and the time
allowed for completion of overhead functions decreases. By changing
the sector numbers, the controller has enough time to complete needed
tasks and be ready to read the ID field of the first sector on the
next head.
The minimum sector skew factor for proper performance of the WD1007A
is 2. Different applications may require different skew factors to
optimize performance.
SPARE SECTOR
WDFMT 2.10 also provides the ability to format a spare sector on the
track. This spare sector is identified as Sector 0, making it
invisible to the system BIOS which expects sector numbers starting at
1. This sector is always formatted as the last physical sector on
the track. The surface analysis portion of WDFMT uses the spare
sector if an error is encountered with any sector on a track. The
program reformats the track, numbering the bad sector as zero and
shifting the following sectors one to the right. If more than one
sector is bad, the entire track is marked as bad when reformatted.
This feature is useful since many sustem BIOS ROMs support ESDI
drives that have 34 sectors per track. The spare sector option
causes the drive to look like it has only 34 sectors while providing
a spare sector for bad sector reassignment. Software drivers can
also make it possible to utilize the spare sector for storing custom
data.
Partition your hard disk drives by following the partitioning
instructions with your operating system.
Complete high-level format routine using the "Format C: (or D:)/S"
command in your operating system.
Troubleshooting
Problem: 1790 Disk 0 Error.
Cause: No low level format on hard disk. Wrong drive type
selected. Not enough drive power. Bad cables. Improper
drive selection or termination.
Problem: Drive does not partition.
Cause: Check drive types. Note that drive types for the AT
and AT-compatibles differ.
Problem: "Error Reading Fixed Disk" appears when booting from
hard drive.
Cause: DOS partition not active.
Problem: Winchester activity LED continuously lit.
Cause: No problem. Drive LED selected for latched mode.
Problem: For systems with two drives, both Winchester activity
LEDs light at the same time.
Cause: Improper drive selection or termination. Inspect the
drive cables. If the data cables are straight, then set
drive C's drive select switches for drive select 1 and
drive D's drive select switches for drive select 2. If
the data cables have a twist, set both drives' select
switches for drive select 2. Consult your drive manuals
or dealer for drive switch settings. Finally, under no
circumstances, use twisted floppy cables for the
Winchester drive. Floppy and Winchester drive interface
connections differ significantly.
Problem: Slow and inefficient operation.
Cause: The typical cause for this problem is an
incorrect interleave factor. Therefore, some
experimentation with the interleave factor may be
necessary. (Refer to the format instructions for setting
interleave factor). Interleave factors are very dependent
on the host operating system and application.